Three Important Revolutions

One way in which the Russian Revolution influenced the newr revolutions was by providing an inspiration. In 1904, Russia's approach at imperialism in the Far eastern came to an end when the Russian navy suffered a crushing defeat at the turn over of the Japanese. This defeat cause a "crisis of morale" among the people of Russia (Daniels, 1985, p. 90). As a result of this crisis, the people of Russia rebelled against the Tsarist government in the early months of 1905. By extension, it can be seen that the Japanese supremacy over Russia encouraged the revolutionaries of the Middle East as well. In this regard, Keddie notes that "the strength shown by the supposedly backward Japanese against the dreaded Russians gave people courage" (Keddie, 1981, p. 72). The Russian Revolution was also inspirational because it set an example for the other nations to follow. The most notable deed of the revolution in Russia was that it forced the Tsar "to concede the precept of total limitations on the monarchy" (Daniels, 1985, p. 90). In the aftermath of this event, nationalist leadership throughout the Middle East were convinced that a constitutional government was "more efficient than an autocracy" (Mansfield, 1985, p. 155). In the late nineteenth century, the Russian Empire was actively expanding its interests in both(prenominal) Iran and Turkey. However, the events of 1904 and 1905 for

Sachar, Howard M. (1969). The emergence of the Middle East: 1914-1924. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

The 1908 revolutions in Iran and Turkey could both be characterized as being a series of revolutions and counter-revolutions one after the other. In Iran, the start of the 1908 revolution occurred when Muhammed Ali Shah decided that the 1906 constitution was no long-lasting valid. In June of 1908, the majlis (or parliament building) was bombed and destroyed by a Russian-led Cossack aggroup (Keddie, 1981, p. 75). When the Shah declared that the majlis was closed, "the public response was swift and decisive" (Wilber, 1981, p. 71). A counter-offense was begun and revolutionaries against the Shah quickly seized control of the city of Tabriz.

By July, 1909, these revolutionaries had gained the upper strive and were able to drive the Shah out of the country. In 1911, however, Russian serviceman entered Iran and claimed its own control over the region. This invasion brought an end to the extremist ideals of the resistance leaders.

Common political reasons can be ensnare in the origins of the 1908 Iran and Turkey revolutions, as well as in the 1916 Arab Revolt. In all of these cases, nationalists rebelled against an autocratic government in the hopes of establishing a constitutional one. In Russia, the autocrat was the Tsar Nicholas II. According to Dmytryshyn, Nicholas II was ill-prepared for the responsibilities he had to face as leader of the Russian Empire. For example, "he was totally oblivious to the great social and political events of the twenty-four hours" (Dmytryshyn, 1977, p. 397). Before 1908, Iran was also run by a inhibitory regime. Since 1795, the nation had been ruled by a series of Shahs. In the late nineteenth century, the Shahs gave many of Iran's economic concessions away to external powers. In particular, Russia and Great Britain benefitted from these concessions. Muzaffar al-Din Shah, the autocrat of Iran from 1896 to 1907, compares to Russia's Nich
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